At What Cost? A Multi-Perspective Transmission Cost–Benefit Framework for Informed Infrastructure Decisions
Electric grid transmission expansion is essential for reliability, affordability, and decarbonization, yet build rates have slowed amid uncertainty over project costs and benefits. This paper introduces FORGE (Framework for Open Reproducible Grid Economics), a scenario-based cost accounting framework that integrates hard, soft, risk, and emissions costs with congestion, delivered-energy, and capacity-value benefits, and reports benefit–cost ratios (BCRs) under societal and ratepayer perspectives.
Part of FORGE